Policies on Urbanization
o Urban Policy is a conceptual & systematic activity by a public authority (e.g. EU institutions, a Government) aimed at the development of cities.
o India is in the midst of a major urbanization boom.
o India’s level of urbanization is lower than its peer group of developing countries: China (45%),
Indonesia (54%), Mexico (78%) and Brazil (87%).
o By 2030, India’s urban population is projected to increase to 600 million.
o The Union government is set to come up with India’s first National Urban Policy framework.
o Globally, around one-third of countries have a NUP in place.
Needs of Urban Policies:
i. Increase Economic Growth.
ii. Increase Job Opportunities.
iii. Developed Transport System.
iv. Development of Cities.
v. Decrease Waste Materials.
vi. Decrease Global Warming.
vii. Development Urban livelihood Patterns.
viii. To Spell out the Country’s plan for Urbanization.
ix. Future growth of cities.
x. Development of urban infrastructure.
Urban Programmes & Planning in Five Year Plans:
Two Five Year Plan (1956-1961):
i. During the Two Five Year Plan periods, various institutions & organizations were created & set up.
ii. For example, the Government set up the Town & Country Planning Organization, the National Building Organization & Delhi Development Authority during this period.
Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966):
i. The Third Five Year Plan was a turning point in India’s history of urban development & planning.
ii. It recognized the importance of cities & towns in balanced regional development & advised that urban planning adopt a regional approach.
iii. It emphasized the need for urban land regulation, checking of urban land prices & also preparation of master plan for the big cities.
iv. During this period, majority of the states introduced town planning legislation modeled on the patterns of British town planning designs & practices.
Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974):
i. The Fourth Five Year Plan continued to emphasize the regional & urban development initiatives in the Third Plan, & development plans for 72 urban centres were undertaken.
Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1979):
ii. The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act 1976 was passed during Fifth Five Year Plan period.
iii. It also advised the state governments to create metropolitan planning regions to take care of the growing areas outside administrative city limits.
iv. During this Plan period, the Government of Maharashtra passed the Mumbai Metropolitan Development Act in 1974 & Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) was established in accordance on 26thJanuary, 1975.
v. Also during this Plan periods, Housing & Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) was established to fund projects of the urban local bodies, housing boards & other organizations.
Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985):
i. During this Plan periods, a scheme of Integrated Development of Small & Medium Towns (IDSMT) was launched in 1979 by the Central Government.
ii. The IDSMT scheme was allocated Rs. 96 crore- a paltry amount that aimed to benefit about 200 small & medium towns.
Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990):
i. During this Plan periods, some important institutional developed which shaped the urban development policy & planning in India.
ii. The National Commission on Urbanization submitted its report in August 1988.
Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-1997):
i. During this Plan period, the Mega City Scheme was introduced in 1993-94 covering five megacities of Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Bangalore & Hyderabad.
ii. Also, the IDSMT scheme was revamped to dovetail its activities of infrastructure development programmes for boosting employment generation for diverting migration from the big cities to the small & medium towns.
Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2001):
i. Most of the Programmes undertaken in the Eighth Five Year Plan continue in Ninth Five Year Plan.
ii. During this Plan period, earlier programmed like NRY, UBSP & PMIUPEP were merged to form a new programme called the Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY).
iii. This programmes had two sub-schemes, namely: (a).Urban Self-Employment Programme, (b).Urban Wage Employment Programme.
iv. The National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) started in 1997.
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007):
i. During this Plan periods, the Valmiki-Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) programme was initiated in 2001-2002 for provision of shelter & upgrading the existing shelter & upgrading the existing shelter of the people below poverty line.
ii. A subsidy in the range of 20 to 30 thousand was provided per unit depending upon the size of the city.
Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-20012):
i. During this Plan periods, the Central Government launched a major initiative name as Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), in December 2005, to give a focused attention to integrated development of urban infrastructure & services initially in select 63 mission cities.
ii. Its emphasis was on provision of basic services to the urban poor, including housing, water supply, sanitation, road network, urban transport, the development of inner/old city areas etc.
iii. JNNURM was divided into two broad parts namely: (a).the Sub-Mission on Urban Infrastructure & Governance (ULG), (b).the Sub-Mission on Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) covering initially 63 mission cities.
iv. The Eleventh Five Year Plan emphasize on skill development, self help groups & micro finance for self employment.
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017):
i. The Twelfth Five Year Plan proposed to consolidate the JNNURM & envisaged its wider role in urban reforms. The JNNURM during Twelfth Plan has following components: (a).Urban Infrastructure & Governance (UIG), (b). Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), (c). Slum rehabilitation in cities not covered under RAY, (d). Capacity Building.
ii. 
The Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) scheme specifically aimed to creating a slum free India.
Schemes in India:
(1).Smart Cities Mission (SCM): (Launched on June 25, 2015).
o This scheme under the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs.
o This ambitious programme by the India Government aims at building 100 Smart Cities across India with focus on planned urbanization & sustainable development.
Facilities Provided under this Program:
i. Assured electricity supply,
ii. Adequate water supply,
iii. Efficient urban mobility & public transport,
iv. Affordable housing, especially for the poor people.
v. Good governance, especially e-governance & citizen participation,
vi. Safety & security of the citizens, specially for the women, children & the elderly.
o Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is an initiative by Government of India in which 20 million affordable housing will be provided to the urban poor by 31 March 2022.
o This scheme is converged with other schemes to ensure houses have a toilet, Saubhagya Yojana electricity
o connection, Ujjwala Yojana LPG gas connection, access to drinking water and Jan Dhan banking facilities, etc.
o Total 1 cr homes are approved against total demand of 1.12Cr as of 28 December 2019.
(3).Swach Bharat Mission – Urban (SBM-U): (Launched on October 2, 2014)
Its objectives included eliminating open defecation through the construction of household-owned and community-owned toilets and establishing an accountable mechanism of monitoring toilet use in urban areas.
The budget allocation of Rs. 41,765 crore for 2018-19 for this scheme.
(4).Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNRUM): (Lauched in 2005)
o 
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was a massive city-modernisation scheme launched by the Government of Indiaunder Ministry of Urban Development.
o It envisaged a total investment of over $20 billion over seven years.
o It covers two components viz. (a). Provision of Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP),
(b). Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP).
Objectives:
i. To improve the quality of life and infrastructure in the cities.
ii. Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, out growths, urban corridors, so that urbanization takes place in a dispersed manner.
iii. Scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to urban poor.
iv. To take up urban renewal programme, i.e., re-development of inner (old) cities area to reduce congestion.
v. Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security.
o Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) was launched by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi in June 2015 with the focus to establish infrastructure that could ensure adequate robust sewage networks and water supply for urban transformation by implementing urban revival projects.
Objectives:
The purpose of Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) is to
i. Ensure that every household has access to a tap with assured supply of water and a sewerage connection.
ii. Increase the amenity value of cities by developing greenery and well maintained open spaces (e.g. parks).
iii. Reduce pollution by switching to public transport or constructing facilities for non-motorized transport .
(6).Heritage City Development & Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY): (Launched on 21st January, 2015)
o 
National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) was launched on 21 January 2015 with the aim of bringing together urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation in an inclusive manner to preserve the heritage character of each Heritage City.
Objectives:
i. Planning, development and implementation of heritage-sensitive infrastructure.
ii. Service Delivery and infrastructure provisioning in the core areas of the historic city.
iii. Preserve and revitalise heritage wherein tourists can connect directly with city’s unique character.
iv. Develop and document a heritage asset inventory of cities – natural, cultural, living and built heritage as a basis for urban planning, growth, service provision and delivery.
v. Implementation and enhancement of basic services delivery with focus on sanitation services like public conveniences, toilets, water taps, street lights, with use of latest technologies in improving tourist facilities/amenities.
vi. Local capacity enhancement for inclusive heritage-based industry.
o National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM) under Ministry of Housing and UrbanAffairs aims to reduce poverty and vulnerability of the urban poor households by enabling them to access gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities
(8).National Urban Transport Policy, 2006:
o National urban transport policy 2006. The objective of this policy is to ensure safe, affordable, quick, comfortable, reliable and sustainable access for the growing number of city residents to jobs, education, recreation and such other needs within the cities.
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